The Role of Government and the Relationship Between the Individual and the State

Lara O’Gorman The legacy of an empire is defined by its ability to conquer and make a mark on society. Many people throughout history sought to create empires as a way to establish their power. Often when one looks at the wide spectrum of history, some empires only last a few hundred of years and then dwindle out. After their fall, their legacy does not continue and their history is loss to the ages. Without a legacy, Rome would have ceased to exist, and would not have carried it’s ideals to post-classical civilizations.Rome had a successful and functioning government that help established its power, grandeur, and impressive knowledge of the arts. Within society it is vital to have a dependable and structured government as to prevent uproar and rebellion. The importance of a stable and powerful government is portrayed in the literary work Lord of the Flies and the idealization of political rulers and the subordination of subjects is conveyed through the art pieces the B ronze Statue of the Emperor Trebonianus Gallus and the Marble Portrait of Marcus Aurelius.Rome is remembered as a vast empire that stood above all surrounding civilizations with pride and honor. Rome, at it’s highest point, was thought of as immortal and impenetrable. It was only until the gradual decay of the empire that people thought of it as mortal. Before the detrimental rippling stages of the fall of Rome, powerful rulers and structured government was instilled within the empire. Several of these powerful emperors kept Rome under their rule by subordinating their subjects and by enforcing political unity. Other rulers used tolerance and active roles in society to appeal to their subjects.One ruler, Marcus Aurelius ascended to the throne in 161 AD and was deemed a philosopher king that was different from his predecessors. His philosopher status is recorded through the common depiction of him in a toga and adorning a Greek-inspired beard. He was interested in rational thi nking and tolerated all different sects of religion. Some say that his openness was his downfall and that his optimistic view of all things caused him to allow one of Rome’s worst emperors into his line of heir. Aurelius had an active role in government and did not discriminate against lower class people moving up in the world.He allowed people that were fit for government job, no matter what class, to have a say. This demonstrates his thought on his subordinates and how he not afraid to converse and involve himself with them. His openness is reflected in the calm and composed face of the portrait and how he is wise and is making a noble decision. Marcus was a fierce ruler and a good general, despite Rome’s loss against the Germanic tribes in war. The toga in which is realistically draped over his torso can be interpreted as a general’s attire. The militaristic style of his clothing suggest that he is the protector and is a strong ruler.Marcus lived a life of lu xury and suffered little. His wealth enabled him to surround himself with items of luxury. The emperor of Rome usually had portrait busts of their ancestors within his palace, which communicates the important and high position Marcus Aurelius had within society. The portrait busts were usually idealized, which can be see in the flawless bust that communicates that Marcus Aurelius was a strong, intelligent, and wealthy ruler. A second ruler, whom in contrast used his power and authority to rule his subordinates, ascended to power after the death of Decius in 251 AD at the battle of Abrittus.There, Trebonianus Gallus took on the position of ruling the vast and expansionist civilization of Rome. The troops that Decius led claimed Trebonianus Gallus a suitable ruler due to his familiarity with the government and his influence as a senate member. Gallus, to prevent the Goths from attacking again, signed a peace treaty that stated he would pay yearly tribute to them. To demonstrate Gallus ’ power over his subjects and ability to make executive decisions, the bronze statue portrays his arm are outstretched. This gesture is common with giving commands and looking down upon subjects from a higher point in society.Once Gallus was instated as emperor, he found that his empire had become plague stricken and the Roman population was dropping. To gain admiration from his subjects he buried the dead plague victims properly and spared no expense. This action suggests a confident personality, which is further expressed in the facial expression. Gallus, however, was seen inept in all other political categories. He was indecisive about detrimental political decisions, which greatly affected the state. Due to Gallus’ lack of political leadership, rebellions sparked within the empire, causing Trebonianus to flee to the north with his troops.The facial expression of the statue could also be interpreted as oblivious to his political duties and to the betrayal he would s oon face. With the threat of defeat and possible death lingering over his army, Gallus was killed, along with his co-emperors. Trebonianus Gallus was not seen as a beneficial addition to the empire and caused a plethora of problems, along with a growing feeling of discontent within the empire. The lack of skills Trebonianus possessed called for the end of his life. Although Gallus lacked military skill, his statue portrait is portrayed with the hair and beard style that soldiers favored.This conveys how leaders were idealized as to express authority and the greatness of the empire. When the leader of a united group becomes corrupt and unfit to complete his role in government, the subjects take action into their own hands. If discontent rises, rebellion and removal of power are probable. The mutiny that occurred with the homocide of Gallus, greatly demonstrates the importance of having a competent and understanding ruler as well as how the state is strong enough to react to problems that greatly affect the state as a whole.The fall of the great Roman Empire can be credited to many factors, but what caused the empire to completely corrode was the invasion by barbarians. In 410 AD, the Visigoths were led by Alaric to Ravenna where they soon ransacked the city and caused Rome to finally surrender its title of immortal. Due to the empire being strained prior to the attacks because of corruption in government, loss of tradition, and an unskilled military, it was easy for Alaric to fulfill the prophecy of penetrating â€Å"the city. It was clear that after the invasion by the Visigoths, Rome would not come out of it alive and victorious. The lack of a stable and prosperous government was one of the main factors that enabled Alaric to conquer Rome, which conveys the vitality of a strong government head. Compared to the fall of Rome, the plot of the Lord of the Flies by William Golding further explains why it is essential to have a central authority and how lacking th is political aspect can cause the downfall of a civilization.The 1954 novel discusses the social perils that ensue amongst English school boys once authority is not there to advise them. The literary work commences with the introduction of a tall blonde boy named Ralph that is soon accompanied by the voice of reason known as Piggy. During the time it takes Piggy and Ralph to become acquainted, they both realize that there are no adults on the island where their plane has crashed. They are astonished by this information but they still ask the question â€Å"Aren’t there any grownups at all? † The only reply that can be uttered is â€Å"I don’t think so. At first this information excited them and they become full of independence zeal, but later throughout the novel they begin to realize that a stable figure head is needed in order to have society function properly. Within society on the island, order is centered around a conch shell. This shell has symbolic value of order, normality, and power. Whomever holds the shell has the power to speak and to be heard. Piggy finds the shell within the first couple of stages of the plot and Ralph eventually uses it to signal the other children that were spread around the island by the crash.When all the children gather round the conch, a political issue arises; Who will be leader? Between the two most influential people in the group, Ralph and the chorus leader, Jack, an election is held. To Ralph’s advantage, the children say â€Å"Let him be chief with the trumpet thing. † The children recognize the conch as a centralizing factor and they search for stability in their new lives on the island. As with most empires and groups, irrational actions and discontent began to grow due to fear, anger, and power struggles. Power is wanted by the chorus leader, Jack, who sees himself as the most capable leader.He wishes to be in control, so he seeks the most controlling role within the new society; a hunter. By being the leader of the hunting party, he controls life and death and to whom or what he damages. The fact that Jack becomes this strong blood-thirsty leader enables the group to break away and form a corrupt and independent kingdom on the island. Strife begins to arise and violent actions begin to break out as the quest for power comes to a head. One of the most dramatic scenes in the book is when Ralph and Piggy go to Jack’s fortress in search of peace and unity.This peaceful venture turns into a bloodbath when the conch is destroyed and Piggy is killed by a boulder that is pushed from a mountainside by a chaos-consumed boy named Roger. Piggy was trying to remind the boys of the importance of rescue and how unity and peace should exist between the boys, but due to the lack of a strong and noble government, chaos and violence rules the kingdom of Castle Rock. The conch was the only remaining symbol of unity and stability, and it was crushed under the weight of a rock, which symbolically can be interpreted as the pressures of society and pure bedlam in society.The dark side of man is portrayed in the actions of the boys at Castle Rock. Because of these actions, â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of a true, wise friend called Piggy. † At this point in the novel, society is out of control and unorganized. The perils of man and the way society becomes tumultuous and coercive communicates the need for a stable head of government. For without a functioning government, chaos is able to run rampant and disorganization can spread wildly. Government helps to instill organization and keeps the people at peace of mind.The government makes corporal decisions that are usually for keeping social rebellions at ease and to keep daily lives functioning. History demonstrates these points, whether it be through the art works or the literary works, but still manage to communicate the ideals and power of the ruler of the time. Whether it be for a demonstration of power or a depiction of what society is like when not controlled, the purpose of the portrayals is to call for the use of a stable government in order to make a legacy for the empire in which the ruler has sovereignty.

Acute Hepatitis B

Acute Hepatitis B GNUR543 St. John Fisher College Mr. Wilson is a 47 year old man being evaluated for complaints of fatigue, anorexia and abdominal distention. On examination, it is noted that the skin is jaundiced and the liver enlarged. D. W. denies significant alcohol or drug use. He denies any known exposure to hepatitis and has never been vaccinated for hepatitis. He is taking no medication. Laboratory tests reveal the following and a diagnosis of acute hepatitis B is made: 1. Review and analyze the laboratory data. What diagnosis is supported by these values? Give your rationale. Mr.Wilson’s lab work is reviewed below: * AST142 IU/L * AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme and blood sample results can detect if there is liver damage. AST is found in the heart and liver with much lower levels in muscles and kidneys. In a healthy person the AST is between 10-40 IU/L. If the liver is damaged, AST is released into the blood stream (Hepatitis B, 2011). * ALT120 IU/L * ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), if elevated can also be an indication of liver damage. ALT is an enzyme that is normally in the liver and kidneys. If the individual is healthy, the ALT is low, between 7-56 IU/L.Elevated ALT is an early indicator of liver damage usually elevating prior to a patient becoming jaundice (Hepatitis B, 2011). * GGT 42 IU/L * GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase) is an enzyme that is found in the liver but may also be in the spleen, kidneys and pancreas. As with AST/ALT, GGT is elevated when there is liver damage. The normal test range is 0 – 51 IU/L. GGT will be elevated when there is acute damage to the liver (or bile ducts) (Hepatitis B, 2011). * Alk Phos 84 IU/L * Alk Phos (Alkaline Phosphatase or ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, bone, kidney and GI tract. Normal range for this blood test is 44 – 147 IU/L.Alk Phos, if elevated generally indicates that there is a blockage in the bile ducts. Also, if it is found to be high this means the pat ient can either have kidney disease or bone disease. To differentiate, a GGT test is also taken. If that result is high as well, a liver disease is present; if the GGT is within normal limits then the patient has bone disease (Hepatitis B, 2011). * Total Bilirubin1. 0 mg/dl * Total bilirubin is the product of damaged or broken down red blood cells in the body. The bilirubin is processed through the liver and the normal levels in the body are; 0. 3 – 1. 9 mg/dL.If this level is increased, it means that the liver is not processing the bilirubin due to liver disease (Hepatitis, 2011). * Albumin4. 3 g/dl * Albumin (ALB) measures the level of albumin in the patient’s plasma. Albumin is a protein that is made in the liver and is sensitive to any changes in liver function. Albumin mainly ensures that the cells in the body don’t leak, keep the tissues nourished and transports vitamins, calcium, hormones through the body. The normal range for Albumin is 3. 4 – 5. 4 g/dL. Albumin will be lower than normal in the case of malnutrition or liver disease (Hepatitis, 2011). HBsAgpositive * Anti-HBSnegative * Anti-HCVnegative * HIVnegative Test Name| Mr. Wilson’s Result| Normal Ranges| | AST| 142 IU/L| 10-40 IU/L| Elevated| ALT| 120 IU/L| 7-56 IU/L| Elevated| GGT | 42 IU/L| 0 – 51 IU/L| Normal| Alk Phos | 84 IU/L| 44 – 147 IU/L| Normal| Total Bilirubin| 1. 0 mg/dl| 0. 3 – 1. 9 mg/dL| Normal| Albumin| 4. 3 g/dl| 3. 4 – 5. 4 g/dL| Normal| Mr. Wilson’s labs indicate that he has chronic Hepatitis B. This is chronic because the indicators for acute liver damage are within normal limits. For example, if the patient were having an acute onset of Hepatitis B his Albumin would be low.Albumin is made in the liver and is very sensitive to any changes in the liver. If there was acute damage to the liver the Albumin value would not be in normal range. Also, Mr. Wilson’s bilirubin would be higher if he was having a cute hepatitis B. For the skin to be noticeably jaundiced the bilirubin level would usually be >2. 0 mg/dL (Hepatitis, 2011). The patients GGT would be elevated also if he was experiencing an acute episode of hepatitis B. Additional tests that might be helpful to making an accurate diagnosis would be; IgG-anti-HBc and IgM-anti-HBc.These tests show if the hepatitis is acute or chronic. The IgG-anti-HBc is positive if the patient is chronically infected. The IgM-anti-HBc would show positive if the patient is acutely infected with hepatitis B. The HBs-Ag will be positive in both acute and chronic cases. See the table below for an overview of the assessment and tests that are generally given when a new Hepatitis B diagnosis is reached. (Lok A. S. , 2011) 2. Explain the hepatocellular changes that occur with the above diagnosis. The liver has many roles in the body that associate it with many systems.For example, it acts as a digestive organ by secreting bile for the breakdown of fat (Co pstead, 2010). The liver also removes bilirubin from the blood, temporarily stores blood and synthesizes the blood clotting factors (Copstead, 2010). Other functions of the liver are; removing toxins from the blood, metabolizing both sex hormones and steroid hormones. Any damage to the liver can in turn disrupt any of these processes and functions that it performs. Some of the processes and functions can be changed in the following ways: * Liver inflammation: Inflammation in chronic hepatitis is associated with scarring.Severe inflammation can bridge together portal tracts within the liver, this is called â€Å"bridging necrosis† (Mani & Kleiner, 2009). It can also bridge to central veins, confluent necrosis (Mani & Kleiner, 2009). This leads to scarring, the creation of fibrous strands and in many cases will lead to fibrosis. Throughout the liver cells are becoming damaged therefore blocking and limiting the livers functionality. Hormone secretion, chemicals and toxins in th e blood, clotting factors and other defense fighting macrophages are interrupted (Copstead, 2010).Along with the inflammation, the patient will feel fatigued and will have a lowered immunity. * Ascites and peripheral edema: Abdominal distention, ascites, is a result of the damaged cells within the liver and more specifically the membrane of the cell has been damaged. There is an intra-abdominal buildup of sodium, water and protein. The cells in the liver are unable to maintain the appropriate osmotic gradient across the pleura (Copstead, 2010). This extra fluid is likely to accumulate in the dependant areas of a person’s body, such as ankles, legs, and arms (Kukka, 2010). Jaundice: Red blood cells have a short life span and as they die and/or are damaged the body will break them down and dispose of them. This is referred to as bilirubin metabolism and this happens in three phases; pre, intra and posthepatic. (Copstead, 2010). The red blood cells should be broken down, deliver ed to the liver and then transported through the biliary system and thus be wasted via the kidney’s or the colon. With damaged liver cells, the bilirubin is not excreted from the liver and there is a buildup of the conjugated bilirubin and the result is jaundice (Copstead, 2010).Other changes due to the liver damage are portal hypertension, gastric and esophageal varacies, vitamin mal-absorption, poor blood clotting and altered mental status (Copstead, 2010). The liver has such far reaching effect on so many organs and systems in the body that any damage to the liver will result in decreased functioning of other systems. Immediate tests to determine the cause and extend of the damage would be imperative to managing the disease going forward. 3. How should the disease be managed and monitored? Explain your rationale.If pharmacotherapeutics are used, explain your rationale and their mechanism of action. First steps would be to order additional labs including, IgM-anti-HBc, IgG- anti-HBc, HBeAg, HBV DNA, CBC with PT and electrolytes. In cases of acute hepatitis B, symptoms sometimes go unnoticed. The virus will normally go away on its own and if treatment is given, it is for the symptoms and most adults recover fully (Hepatitis B, 2011). But in the case of chronic HBV, the patient will need to be monitored to see if the virus is replicating (Lok A. S. , 2011). In patients with chronic HBV, the treatment oals are to reduce the long term effects of liver damage, prevent the transmission of the virus to others and manage any complications along the way (Lok A. S. , 2011). A clear diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B is needed. Results of blood work will determine the course of treatment. In Mr. Wilson’s case, with only the first lab results, it appears that he is in the active chronic infection stage. At this point the liver damage is still minimal. Because there does not seem to be significant liver damage a liver biopsy would not be indicated at this poin t (Lok A. S. , 2011).As the practitioner, I would recommend more blood tests, as noted above, and ongoing monitoring of the virus every few months. This will help in determining the activity of the virus. The medications used to treat chronic hepatitis B tend to have serious side effects. The patient must be willing to make a commitment to continue the therapy and adhere to close monitoring during any drug treatments (Hepatitis B, 2011). Supportive medicines are important to assist in treating side effects of the virus. For example, diuretics are prescribed if edema is not resolving on its own.Vitamins and minerals are indicated if labs show deficiency due to decreased liver function. If it is determined that Mr. Wilson’s virus is active (meaning he is able to infect others) there are new drugs available to choose from. Antiviral treatments include (Hepatitis, 2011): 1. Entecavir – a. A pill taken once a day for up to a year b. Used when DNA viral cells are actively re plicating 2. Interferon Alpha c. Injection a few times per week for up to a year d. Used when patient has compensated liver disease 3. Pegylated Interferon e. Injection once per week for up to a year f.Used when patient had compensated liver disease and evidence of viral replication and liver inflammation 4. Lamivudine g. A pill taken once a day for a year or more h. Used when patient has active liver inflammation and active viral replicating 5. Adefovir Dipivoxil i. A pill taken once a day for a year or more j. Used in patients with chronic HBV 6. Telbivudine k. A pill taken once a day for a year or more l. Used in patients with active viral replication, persistent elevations in ALT or AST or histologically active disease 7. Tenofovir m. A pill taken once a day for a year or more n. Used in patients with chronic HBVThe medicines listed above are used alone or more likely in conjunction with others. These are currently the only hepatitis B drugs that are approved by the FDA (Lok & M cMahon, 2009). According to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) Practice Guidelines, the ultimate goal of therapy is to suppress the replication of the virus and put the liver disease into remission (Lok & McMahon, 2009). This is monitored by watching the patients ALT, AST and other liver, viral and blood tests. The viral tests are imperative to determine the proper adjustments in medications.For example, interferon has been shown to reduce the viral replication and inducing liver disease remission (Lok & McMahon, 2009). Also, a newer drug, tenovir has shown significant promise in reducing viral levels in patients as compared to adefovir (Lok & McMahon, 2009). Practitioners need to watch for resistance as well when using the anti-viral drugs. As noted, the drugs are used in combination as well and these have shown to be more effective than when they are used alone. The effects of combined usage are better antiviral effects and delayed resistance (Lok & M cMahon, 2009).Mr. Wilson’s ALT, HBeAg lab values and his HBV DNA will be a main determinate to the type of therapy he will receive. A liver biopsy will be indicated later on if his  HBsAg is positive for more than six months, his serum HBV DNA is greater than >20,000 IU/mL and he has persistent or intermittent elevations in his ALT/AST levels (Kukka, 2010). Summary Hepatitis B can be chronic or acute. When a person has acute hepatitis B they generally don’t even notice and never need treatment. If treatment is needed it is supportive treatment for the symptoms of the acute virus infection.Chronic hepatitis B patients are at risk for cirrhosis and HCC (hepatic cellular carcinoma) (Kukka, 2010). Patients that have chronic HBV need to be educated on the risk of infecting others and will, in some cases, need to alter their lifestyle to protect others from getting the virus. Treatment is dependent on the blood work up that is obtained. It is very important that a patient that goes on antiviral treatment remain on it to reduce drug resistant strains. Also, patients must be evaluated and treated for the side effects of the anti-virals as well as the symptoms of other affected organs and systems in the body.References Copstead, L. -E. C. (2010). Pathophysiology. St. Louis: Saunders. Hepatitis. (2011, July 6). Retrieved March 26, 2012, from Lab Tests Online: http://labtestsonline. org Hepatitis B. (2011, July 6). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from Lab Tests Online: http://labtestsonline. org Hepatitis B. (2011, September 1). Retrieved March 24, 2012, from Mayo Clinic: http://www. mayoclinic. com/health Kukka, C. M. (2010). Hepatitis B Fact Sheet. HCSP Publications. Lexicomp. (2012). Retrieved February 5, 2012, from Lexicomp: https://online-lexi. com Liver Blood Tests. (2012, March 28).Retrieved March 30, 2012, from e Medicine Health: http://www. emedicinehealth. com/ Lok, A. S. (2011, February 16). Overview of the management of hepatitis B. Retrieved March 24, 2012, from UpToDate: http://www. uptodate. com Lok, A. S. , & McMahon, B. J. (2009). Chronic Hepatitis B: Update 2009. Alexandria: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Mani, H. , & Kleiner, D. E. (2009, May 1). Liver Biopsy Findings in Chronic Hepatitis B. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine: http://webdev. med. upenn. edu

Global Cases in Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay

Global Cases in Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Sales team was more concerned of adding newer products to the existing portfolio so that diversity of products and wider choice would appeal to customers who are constantly on the lookout for newer and better products. Thus bonuses and targets were their prime concern. On the other hand the supply chain team was highly worried about out-of-stock inventory mix. When 30% of SKUs are registering below sales targets in volumes and profits, there is something really to worry about. The supply chain team was also worried about the service related challenges in order to fulfill customer demand (Scholz-Reiter, Frazzon & Makuschewitz). Against this backdrop a more comprehensive SKU rationalization strategy would be pertinent though it’s equally imperative to know how best to avoid supply chain bottlenecks and associated costs by way of reducing inventory of no-go-products. In other words a rationalization strategy would require a number of tasks to be performed before putting into effect any program of action. In managing supply chain related activity in procurement of materials the purchasing manager or the specialist has to perform a series of tasks according to some predefined criteria. In the same way the purchasing manager or the supply chain team has to take it to consideration the number of factors that directly and indirectly impact on their performance. In the first instance skills of the supply chain team would be enhanced by the vertically integrated organizational and management structure which essentially support the design planning and implementation of supply chain strategies, especially those directly related to the purchase of raw material and components for primary operations. Clorox was just faced with this problem (Hugos, 2006). The purchasing specialist has to focus on his tasks associated with procurement and management in order to achieve a degree of functional conformance to established standards such as the core business activity

Reflection paper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflection paper - Article Example In this paper, I write to reflect on the lessons learned throughout the semester, knowledge gained and what I can do to improve my voice quality. According to Kist (13) tension murders vibration. The negative environmental influences and self-defenses against emotional distress results in poor voice production. I have learnt several barriers to outstanding voice quality throughout the semester. In this regard, I have learned that tension is the greatest enemy to excellent voice production. Tension makes it difficult for individuals to produce their natural voice. Essentially, tension lowers an individual’s confidence and, therefore, he/she ends up producing low-quality voice that is not natural. Doing vocal warm up plays an essential role in releasing tension and building strong personal confidence. In addition, warming up gives an individual a chance to polish up on challenging areas in order to produce a synchronized and high-quality voice. I have learnt several benefits of vocal warm up in class and through personal research. For instance, warming up gives the speaker the courage to face the audience. After learning about the outcome of vocal /physical warm up and practicing it, I have noticed several changes in voice production before and after warming up. For instance, after warming up, I realized that my courage to face the audience improved, and I was able to make a smooth speech. On the contrary, before warming up, I had the fear of facing a crowd of people, and I had no enough confidence. In essence, vocal/physical warm up prepares an individual psychologically before the actual performance. People have varied voices and therefore perform differently on stage. Through watching some television programs and theater, I have identified that people have varied voices. Some people have soft voices and others rough voices. Watching theater and some television programs taught me a lot on matters regarding voice. Through watching theater, I learned how

An Argument in Support of Illegal Downloading Essay

An Argument in Support of Illegal Downloading - Essay Example The music industry claims to be the most adversely affected by the trend in illegal downloading with lost profits amounting to billions of dollars according to the Recording Industry Association of America. Between the years of 2004 and 2009, an estimated 30 billion songs were file shared illegally even though legitimate download avenues such as Itunes and Rhapsody exist for song downloading at a minimal cost to the buyer (Adkins, Amy â€Å"How Does Illegally Downloading Music Impact the Music Industry?†). Leaders of the industry claim that this translates to around 12.5 billion in losses since Napster, the first free file sharing site first launched in 1999. Their only recourse in this situation is to try to track down the individuals who have illegally downloaded the music and then suing them for thousands of dollars in estimated lost revenue. Just thinking about the way that the music industry is trying to curb illegal downloading makes my head spin. There are not enough la w enforcers in the country to monitor the online activities of all the Americans, not to mention that such an act on their part is a violation of the privacy of that particular individual. Those who are unlucky enough to get caught are sued for what? An amount that the RIAA knows the individual cannot afford to pay? What lesson is taught then? Does it scare others into stopping the illegal activity? There are other and more effective ways to get to these people. The industry also claims that these activities result in layoffs and loss of capital for new music investments. That is because the music industry has only limited financial resources with which they can cater to existing talent while developing new ones. There is believed to have... There is believed to have been a 20 percent decline in album sales in 2002 as per data gathered by Peinz and Waelbroeck (qtd. in Shannon). This decrease in sales is being blamed on the illegal downloading of music. The music industry would have us believe that illegal downloading negatively affects them because the music that is downloaded for free through file sharing services does not give them a return on investment. They do not get any royalties for their company that produced the record, or the artist who made the record. Basically, this type of theft should be considered equal to economic sabotage in their dictionary. I will discuss how uneducated this assumption by the music industry is in a later portion of this essay. If one were to solely base his opinion of illegal file sharing on the doomsday scenario created by the movie, television, and recording industry, we would think that they are truly being hurt by the activity and, as caring and responsible individuals. Therefore , it would be in everyone's best interest to stop with the illegal activity since those who illegally download are directly participating in the economic demise of the entertainment industry. However, nothing could be further from the truth. Other sources of information have shown that the entertainment industry, whether they admit it or not also directly benefit, and benefit greatly from the illegal downloading of their materials. In fact, if there is anything that illegal downloading should be considered guilty of.

The government of Costa Rica Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The government of Costa Rica - Research Paper Example The paper tells that having gained its independence from Spain as part of the broader Central American independence movement in the former Kingdom of Guatemala, Costa Rica became a constituent province of the short-lived Federal Republic of Central America, or Central American Union. Following the Union dissolution in 1838, Costa Rica proclaimed itself as a sovereign nation under Braulio Carrillo, who was ultimately removed from power in 1842; in 1847, Jose Maria Castro Madriz was appointed President of Costa Rica, who, during his first term of office, formally declared Costa Rica an independent republic. The constitutional reform of 1848 attempted to establish basic civil rights and might be thought to have laid the foundations for a tradition of political moderation and civilian government despite having had some interludes of military rule. Two significant periods of political turmoil had taken place since the late 19th century, the first of which started with the 1917 military co up against Gonza Flores administration, led by General Tinoco Granados, whose rule failed to gain recognition from the United States and had eventually ended in 1919 under both external and internal pressure. The second one is considered the bloodiest event in the 20th-century Costa Rican history – the civil war following a highly contentious presidential election in 1948, which lasted 44 days and caused some two thousand fatalities. The Costa Rican civil conflict led to several far-reaching effects, including the abolition of the regularly army, the foundation of one of the first welfare states in the region and the creation of a new constitution. (Meyer 1). The latter prohibited the maintenance of standing army except in case of external invasion, outlawed the communist and fascist parties, and provided for the creation of a Supreme Electoral Tribunal that would oversee the electoral process and have police power during elections; the duty to guarantee the nation’s s ecurity was assigned to a national police force called the Civil Guard (Watkins). Population and Society As of July 2011 estimates, Costa Rica’s population totals 4Â  576Â  562 people, being comprised of four major ethnic groups as follows – whites, primarily of European (Spanish) descent, which, along with the mestizos, account for 94 % of the total population; 3 % blacks, which are, for the most part, of Jamaican origin; and the remainder – 1 % Chinese and 1 % Amerindians respectively (CIA; Encyclopedia of the Nations). Some 69 % of the Costa Ricans are in the 15 to 64 age group, 6.4 % are over 65 year-old and another 24.6 % are under 15 year-old (CIA). Those living in urban areas, according to 2010 data, account for 64 % of the total population (CIA), as compared to 48 % in 2001(Population Reference Bureau, cited in Encyclopedia of the Nations). The capital city, San Jose, has 1. 416 million inhabitants as of 2009 (CIA); other large cities with population o ver 100Â  000 are Alajuela, Cartago and Puntarenas, as well as Limon and Heredia, with over 50Â  000 inhabitants each (Encyclopedia of the Nations). The official language of Costa Rica is Spanish while English is mainly spoken among the middle class in some urban areas, and among descendants of Jamaican origin as well (Encyclopedia of the Nations). The major religions are Roman Catholic, which is the predominant one embracing over 76 % of the population, and Evangelical – shared by 13.7% of the Costa Ricans; along with 1.3% Jehovah’s Witnesses, 0.7% other Protestants, and other religious cults (CIA). In as much as the vast majority of Costa Rica’s people belong to one and same ethnic group, namely the ‘white’ one, which also includes people of mixed ancestry, the so-called ‘whiteness’ would appear the factor that defines the Costa Rica’s population as homogeneous; this homogeneity, however, is further reinforced by the overwhel mingly common origin, hence

Bipolar Disorder and its misdiagnosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bipolar Disorder and its misdiagnosis - Essay Example It is considered a genetic malfunction of specific neurotransmitters which lie inactive until a stressor in life triggers them. There are certain medications which can also trigger mania for example antidepressants can produce mania in some of the patients who are vulnerable to bipolar disorder. Therefore it is very necessary to treat bipolar disorder with care and caution as because a depressive episode can readily turn into a manic episode. Some other stressors as lack of sleep, frequent use of stimulants and alcohol can increase the risk of the bipolar disorder. Hence, depression and bipolar/manic depression are two very different conditions and necessitate accurate diagnosis before treating any of the disorders. Bipolar disorder is further subdivided into three types, Including Bipolar I, II and Cyclothymic disorder. Type III bipolar disorder which is not a DSM-IV recognized disorder and includes relatives of the manic depression sufferers who themselves suffered from major depre ssive episodes. ... (PubMed, 2011)Carbamazipine, Lithium, Valproate, Lamotrigine and other ant seizure drugs can help reduce the severity of the situation. Antipsychotics and anti anxiety for mood problems are suggested. More than 25% patients are misdiagnosed due to overlapping symptoms of manic depression and unipolar depression. However, use of antidepressants can lead to increase risk of suicide and mania in patients of bipolarism. Underuse of effective medication and overuse of antidepressants is common among the misdiagnosed patients which is possibly a harmful treatment regimen for the bipolar patient. The patients with early onset and treatment refractory depression are the ones mostly misdiagnosed as unipolar depression instead of bipolarism. For this purpose a study was conducted in United Kingdom and approved by Cardiff and Vale University health board. It aimed to determine the extent of misdiagnosis in the primary care patients with unipolar depression who satisfy the DSM IV criteria of bip olar depression. Second aim was to investigate the usefulness of two screening instruments of testing Bipolar disorder and if patients with false positive results from these testing gears differ from manic patients in the study. For this purpose a total of 3117 patients were selected eligible from the data base of practitioners who fulfilled the criteria. Invitation sheets with HCL 32 and BSD questionnaire was sent to the participants. 576 patients replied with completed questionnaire and were divided in two groups and were reviewed according to age, gender and first diagnosis of depression and patients on continued medication. There were high scorers, scoring more than 13 or 14 in HCL and BSD’s and a group of low scorers with

Using a modified social story to decrease disruptive behavior of a Article

Using a modified social story to decrease disruptive behavior of a child with autism - Article Example There are different methods to using Social Stories, each having their own strengths and weaknesses when used with children. As children with autism are mostly visual learners, various mediums can be used when doing the Social Stories. In some examples, multimedia was used, though the effects of this method were inconclusive, as were many other methods in Social Stories. Just as each child is different in their autism, they will also be different in how they approach and take heed to the Social Stories. While, during the research, the behaviors of these children have decreased, there is still no definitive "one method" that works best. Each child will need to have their own individual Social Stories methods if teachers, parents, and researchers alike want to see any changes in their behavior. The use of verbal reminders throughout the sessions, though, proved to have more of an effective in quickly discouraging misbehavior, as shown through a study by Ivey et al. (2004). However, this method of verbal repetition might not work as well in other methods of the Social Stories, and may not be as effective on children with autism as a whole. Again, what works best for each child depends solely on each child. The use of Social Stories seems to me to be a promising method of instilling in autistic children the proper behavior to use in a social setting, such as in a classroom. Various methods have been tested and have been proven to work and be beneficial to a childs life and education. Unfortunately, as there are many autistic children, there must be equally as many methods of Social Stories, since each child is different in their learning and comprehending, though they do share the common aspect of being visual learners. It is obvious that the Social Stories methods do work, it is just a matter of deciding which method works best for which autistic child. The use of verbal prompts and reminders has shown to be most effective, so

Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor versus Pressurized Water Reactor debate Essay

Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor versus Pressurized Water Reactor debate - Essay Example On the contrary, the Pressurized Water Reactors are cheaper to maintain, environmentally safe and reliable. This prompted the government to commission the Sizewell B project. Future energy generation considerations are likely to favor the use of renewable sources that are cheaper, and environment friendly. Contents 1.0 Introduction From the 1960s, there was a clarion call to develop nuclear energy in UK with Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactors (AGRs) being the preferred choice. The first prototype of the advanced gas-cooled reactor was developed in 1962, but the first commercial AGR became operational in 1976. Complexities in implementation of the prototype delayed completion of the first AGR commercial plants. Other AGR projects were to be commissioned later in the 70s, and the 80s. However, they faced the same challenge (delayed implantation) compounded with a heavy cost implication. This led to an acrimonious debate about the use of AGR technology to generate electricity, when other econ omically viable means were available. The immense pressure forced the UK government to abandon building AGRs anymore and instead focused on the Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). This led to the commissioning of Sizewell B in 1987 to 1995. The PWRs were considered to be cheaper, environmentally safer and more reliable than the AGRs. ... The AGR is designed to use carbon dioxide as a coolant and graphite as a moderator. The AGR is a specifically UK breed of reactor developed, from the design for the very first nuclear reactor, to generate electricity for commercial use, a reactor built at Calder Hall in Cumbria, UK (Breeze, 2005, p. 258). Figure 1: Schematic diagram of an AGR Source: World Nuclear Association There are several advanced gas-cooled reactors built in the UK, but they have been found to be costly to operate. Most of the AGR plants cost more at the completion than it was initially anticipated and no further units of the design are planned. Instead, the last nuclear power plant built in the UK employed a United States PWR design (Breeze, 2005, p. 258). Pressurized water reactors (PWRs) are used in light-water reactor power plants. Although, there are different manufacturers in the United States, the fundamental characteristics of the PWRs are the same: the main coolant brings up steam vapor in the heat exc hanger, known as the steam generator and this steam drives the turbines. Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a PWR Source: Tennessee Valley authority By the 1970s, United Kingdom was the only major Western Europe country yet to adopt the use of light water reactors (LWR) technology to develop. This was a result of a protracted debate between the protagonist of the AGR and the LWR. It was argued that the LWR was unsafe, thus the promotion of AGR usage. The Magnox stations in UK had for a long time been faced with the problems of low volumetric power density, low operating temperatures and low pressures. The time had come to look for an alternative, and well improved design. This led to the development of the advanced gas-cooled reactors.

The Behaving Brain Essay Example for Free

The Behaving Brain Essay The Video begins by explaining what we learned in class on Thursday about how the brain is made up of and how it works. It explained that a message will travel down axon then the message travels into the dendrites that release the message into the synapse. The brain becomes the most complex thing in the universe because it controls so many different things in the human body. It regulates our metabolism, temperature and respiration. It also enables us to learn, remember and decide. The video then moved on to talking about a new breed of scientists called neuroscientists. They are guided my the assumption that everything in the brain can be explained by biological or chemical events taking place within it either through out the entire brain or a region within. It went on to explain certain parts of the brain such as the brain stem, which controls life support in the body. The cerebellum that controls body movement and the limbic system which maintains the bodies inside workings and controls emotions. Ways of approaching the study of the brain is with brain imaging, which can provide researchers with actual pictures of the brains inner workings. The best way to study the brain is to record the brains electrical activity using a EEG machine. E. Roy John practices neurometrics. A way of recorded electrical activity of a patient and comparing it with a recording of normal brain activity. It enables you to see if any certain person has a mental or emotional disease such as depression or alcoholism. Some researchers study the brain chemically. Joseph Martinez focuses on chemicals that promote learning and memory. He tries to coax the brain to remember or in some cases forget things by introducing certain chemicals into the body. This research is being practiced in search for a cure for Alzheimers disease. The last section of the video was on a study of patients with Amnesia. Mieke Vertaellie works with patients in helping them recover and build new memories of which have been forgotten . Her patients are given word to remember to the best of there ability then try to recite what words they remembered. Patients with Amnesia usually can remember memories or information 10 years back but are unable to remember anything more recent. I found the research experiment Joseph Martinez was using with rats to be very interesting. Training a rat in maze to find food by following a certain track in the maze. After the rat had been trained to find the food Martinez introducing a chemical causing the rat to forget its training and wasnt able to find the food. I thought that was a great step in finding a cure for Alzheimers disease. But understanding the brain seems to be an ongoing and maybe never ending search to understand it. Its amazing to think a brain weighing 3 lbs is capable of being able to know more than any computer is a big thought to wrap your head around. I found the most interesting research in the video to be the chemical research. So much can be controlled with the chemicals in the brain. pain, happiness, depression, motor control is all controlled by the brain. Introducing more or less of a neurotransmitter can benefit humans in hundreds of ways.

Jekyll and Hyde: Drug Addiction

Jekyll and Hyde: Drug Addiction The first stage of Dr. Henry Jekylls addiction is In Robert Louis Stevensons nineteenth century novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, addiction is a very important undertone. Stevenson writes It was on this side that my new power tempted me until I fell in slavery. I had but to drink the cup, to doff at once the body of the noted professor, and to assume, like a thick cloak, that of Edward Hyde (Stevenson 109). In other words, Dr. Henry Jekyll concocts a very strong potion in his laboratory and drinks it. As a result of his drinking the potion, he transforms into the evil Mr. Hyde. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll clearly shows all the classic signs of being a drug addict: experimentation, denial, attempt to quit and abuse. Ultimately, his self-destructive behavior becomes so severe that it leads him to commit murder; and eventually, to take his own life. Experimentation. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Stevenson notes late one accursed night, I compounded the elements, watched them boil and smoke together in the glass, and when the ebullition had subsided, with a strange glow of courage, drank the potion (Stevenson 106). This description refers to the doctor willingly concocting his strong potion. His initial purpose for cooking up and testing the drug is very well- meaning. Jekyll simply wants to rid his evil self from his good self. Despite the fact that his intentions are good, his experimentation begins his path towards addiction and isolation. Dr. Jekylls experimentation with psychoactive chemicals is similar to how contemporary addicts drink or use drugs to deal with problems in their lives. Denial is the second stage of Dr. Jekylls addiction. This defense mechanism is commonly used by addicts to avoid facing the uncomfortable reality of their problem. Jekylls denial first comes up at his dinner party when Utterson comments that he is becoming increasingly informed about Hyde. Jekyll says, it is not as bad as that; and just to put your good heart at rest, I will tell you one thing: the moment I choose, I can be rid of Hyde (Stevenson 58). This quote from Jekyll is the speech of a person with a drug problem. His response is very similar to how todays addicts claim that they can stop using when they want to. This is not to say that it isnt possible, but it is very difficult for an addict to quit on their own. Furthermore, Jekyll also insists that Utterson be at ease about Hyde. Jekyll asserts this is a private matter and I beg of you to let it sleep (Stevenson 58). Jekyll convinces others that he and Hyde are two separate entities when in fact they are one. This denial of Jekyll is a sign that he is becoming an addict. Similar to other addicts, Jekyll has an unsuccessful attempt at stopping his drug use. For several months, Jekyll is back to his friendly ways. He begins to become sociable again and appears to be back to his old self: a new life began for Dr. Jekyll. He came out of his seclusion, renewed relations with his friends, became once more their familiar guest and entertainer (Stevenson 71). This quote refers to Jekylls noticeable change in attitude when his drug use is ceased. Things seem to be as if they were in the old days for the doctor. However, as is often the case with addiction, his antisocial behavior returns just as quickly as it had left. His drug use begins again as he refuses visitors and becomes extremely secluded: On the 12th, and again on the 14th, the door was shut against the lawyer. `The doctor was again confined to the house`, Poole said, `and saw no one` (Stevenson 72). This quote is from Jekylls butler and refers to his noticing the changes in behavior of his master. These changes by Jekyll drive the butler to join forces with Utterson to find out what is going on with Jekyll. Jekylls attempt at quitting is another sign that he is becoming an addict. Abuse is the next stage of Jekylls addiction. Drug abuse refers to a maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not considered dependent. Due to the fact that he enjoys the effects of the drug, Jekyll begins to abuse it: I felt younger, lighter, happier in body; wither I was conscious of a heady recklessness, a current of disordered sensual images running like a millrace in my fancy, a solution of the bonds of obligation, an unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul. I knew myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked, sold a slave to my original evil; and the thought, in that moment, braced and delighted me like wine. (Stevenson107) This description refers to the sensations that Jekyll is feeling when he drinks his potion. It vividly details how the chemical makes him feel. Consider heroin, for example. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive and very dangerous drug. Those who have never used the substance cant begin to understand why a person would risk their own life for such a drug. However, people addicted to heroin use any means possible to get the drug and their primary purpose in life becomes seeking heroin. My point is this: the reason that people use heroin or any drug is because the drug makes a person feel extremely good. Similarly, Jekyll also enjoys the pleasure that his potion gives him. Jekyll notes that it begins taking longer for Hyde to wear off as he spends more time recovering from the drugs effects. Because he enjoys becoming a different person, Jekylls abuse worsens. Jekylls continued abuse of his chemical causes serious changes in his personality. He begins behaving in unusually cruel and inhumane ways. For example, Enfield witnesses Hyde in motion: and then came the horrible part of the thing; for the man trampled calmly over the childs body and left her screaming on the ground (40). This quote describes Mr. Hyde brutally trampling a young girl and then disappearing into a door on the street. What is more important, it demonstrates that Jekyll is not a man who is right in mind or spirit. Jekyll begins requiring more of his drug than he has previously: since then I had been obliged on more than one occasion to double, and once, with infinite risk of death, to treble the amount (Stevenson 113). To put it another way, this quote by Jekyll refers to his increasing the amount of his drug because he has built up a tolerance to the drug. Just as important, Jekyll the quote shows Jekyll admitting that his drug abuse could cost him his life. It becomes apparent that Jekyll is not only addicted to the drug, but is also addicted to transforming into the secretive Hyde. Eventually, his addiction leads him to murder a young man. Finally, when he realizes that he can no longer return back to Jekyll, and will forever be Mr. Hyde, he takes his own life. Henry Jekylls maladaptive behavior throughout the novel indicates that he is a man suffering from an addiction. His self- destruction points to the fact that he is powerless over his potion. As a result, Jekylls experimentation, denial and abuse eventually lead to addiction. As a result, Hyde gradually takes over the doctor to the point where he can no longer return back to Jekyll. Because of this, Jekyll commits suicide. Utterson and Poole find the body of Hyde wearing Jekylls clothes. They also find a letter that Jekyll has written to Utterson explaining the whole mystery. My conclusion, then, is that Dr. Jekyll is a drug addict.

Behaviors Caused by Hypothalamic and Thalamic Lesions :: Neurological Chemistry Chemical Papers

Behaviors Caused by Hypothalamic and Thalamic Lesions In the field of neuropsychology, the area in the brain that includes the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the subthalamus is referred to as the subcortex diencephalon (Kalat 2004). In the following section, lesions to these specific areas will be discussed. The results of the lesions will be addressed from the perspective of a neuropsychologist. Neuropsychological assessment refers to the objective evaluation of the cognitive, linguistic, perceptual, and psychomotor performances of a person with the aim of relating the status of his/her performances to the structural and functional condition of his/her brain (Steinhauer, Gruzelier, & Zubin 1991). Neuropsychological assessment can be approached from an experimental method in which the researcher has greater control of the variables affecting the situation but, generalization is more difficult and human subjects cannot be used in studies (Finger 1978). A clinical method is also used and, although this method does not experience the benefit of complete control, brain-behavior relationships are much easier to study because human subjects can be used in this method (Finger 1978). Both methods are usually combined to produce the most efficient and helpful information for the patient. The most prominent neuropsychological tests include the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Halstead-Reitan battery, and the Wechsler Memory Scale (Steinhauer et. al. 1991). These tests provide the opportunity to analyze the components of performance and then identify probable disabilities that would explain the defective performance (Steinhauer, et. al. 1991). The main issue that will be examined in this section will be behavioral effects of lesions to specific parts of the hypothalamus and the thalamus. The hypothalamus is located near the base of the brain and is ventral to the thalamus (Dimond 1978, Kalat 2004). The hypothalamus is part of the limbic system and is responsible for motivational behaviors including emotion, eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety and aggression (Kalat 2004, Dimond 1978, Isaacson 1982, Beaumont 1983). The hypothalamus has widespread connections to the rest of the forebrain and also to the midbrain (Kalat 2004). The hypothalamus contains a number of distinct nuclei including the lateral nucleus which controls the initiation of eating and drinking, the ventromedial nucleus which controls the stopping of eating and drinking, the paraventricular nucleus which limits meal size, the supraoptic nucleus which controls the secretion of vasopressin, the suprachiasmic nucleus which constitutes the biological clock,

evilmac Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - The Evil Witches :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

Macbeth’s Evil Witches  Ã‚      The witches are seen as being evil. This is because at the time, witches were accepted as being real and evil. Shown in the play because the first scene is thunder and lightning, which is associated with terrible happenings and things so suggests witches are terrible things. They speak in rhymes and use many equivocal terms e.g. ‘Fair is foul, and foul is fair’. This suggests reversal and unbalance, which leads to chaos and disorder in Macbeth’s life. This is suggested because they immediately mention Macbeth so he is already associated with the witches and seen as being evil. The chaos is also shown in the natural world by the weather and natural events. Act 1 Scene 3, there is thunder when the witches meet again. The idea of them being evil is reinforced because in this scene because they are cursing a sailor. This suggests that Macbeth will also face a similar type of treatment. The mystery of the witches is increased in this scene because they know Macbeth is coming when the third witch tells the other two, ‘Macbeth doth come.’ This raises the question of how they knew he was coming and reinforces the link between Macbeth and the witches, which suggests to the audience that Macbeth is evil from the beginning of the play. This link is further reinforced when Macbeth’s first line using the same equivocal as the witches, ‘So foul and fair a day I have not seen’. Banquo is wary of the witches and does not really want to believe that they really because he says ‘That look not like th’ inhabitants o’ th’ earth’, which adds further to their mystery because they are described as being unnatural. However, the suggestion that Macbeth is somehow acquainted with them is again shown when he talks to them directly without fear and asks 'What are you?’ Nevertheless, this shows to an extent that Macbeth also saw the witches as being unnatural because he enquires about what they are but he does not appear to be afraid. They then avoid this question and tell Macbeth his prophecies as though this was the purpose all along. Their prophecies give rise to the question whether they knew that he was already Thane of Glamis and the next Thane of Cawdor. This adds to the mystery of the witches and provides some more evidence of the suggestion that they were well acquainted with Macbeth.

Sylvia Plath: A Search for Self :: Biography Biographies Essays

Sylvia Plath: A Search for Self      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The collective body of Sylvia Plath's poetry demonstrates definitively her mastery of her craft. Plath has been criticized for her overtly autobiographical work and her suicidal pessimism, however, close study reveals that her poetry transcends categorization and has a voice uniquely her own. As Katha Pollit concluded in a 1982 Nation review, "by the time she came to write her last seventy or eighty poems, there was no other voice like hers on earth" (Wagner 1). In works such as "Lady Lazarus," "Daddy," and "Morning Song," Plath relates her own painfully experiences in the form of dramatic monologues using a persona who eventually triumphs over adversity by regaining the self that had been lost before the struggle of the poem.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Plath, the narrator of "Lady Lazarus" has "the great and terrible gift of being reborn . . . she is the Phoenix, the libertarian spirit" (Wagner 71). In compact three-line stanzas, the speaker sardonically comments on her unique ability and its implications. Her tone demonstrates her boredom towards the attention paid to her by "the peanut-crunching crowd." Unlike the Biblical Lazarus who is called forth from the grave by Jesus, Lady Lazarus is able to resurrect herself and so avoids the polarities of God and Lucifer. Neither of these figures is able to exact punishment for the atrocities that man heaps on man, so the speaker transfigures herself by reducing her body to ashes and reviving her life through flame. As Leonard Sanazaro points out, "This willfulness to arise and devour humankind in the form of a self-fulfilled deity points up the impotence of the traditional concepts of good and evil" (Wagner 90) Lady Lazarus transcends these boundaries.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The imagery used throughout the poem is associated with the treatment of the Jews by the Nazis in concentration camps during World War II. Plath addresses the inhumanity of the situation, using such phrases as "A cake of soap,/A wedding ring,/A gold filling" to represent a human being. Plath also alludes to the medical experimentation that was practiced by the Nazi doctors. Plath has often been criticized for relating her hardships to that of the Jews. After all, she grew up in a relatively stable and affluent home and received an excellent education; her suffering was in her mind. Plath said specifically that her poems had come:

Case Study Bayfield Mud Company Essay

1. What is your analysis of the bag weight problem? The problem begin when Wet-Land Drilling, Inc. had filed a complaint that the bags it received from Bayfield were short-weight, according to previous send the weight of the bags used to be 50 pounds, however the new arrivals show a weight of 47.5 pounds per bag, causing a conflict to the company. The company present the problem as a increased of demand, hiring new employees with a lack of training, new employees occupy the night shift, where old employees check the production, however the double checking of the bag still a problem to the company. First of all we need to analyze and find the errors the process could have, caused by the increased of demand and a lack of control due the old employees, for the analysis I will use the Statistical Process Control (SPC).  ¨Statistical process control (SPC) involves using statistical techniques to measure and analyze the variation in processes. Most often used for manufacturing processes, the intent of SPC is to monitor product quality and maintain processes to fixed targets. Statistical quality control refers to using statistical techniques for measuring and improving the quality of processes and includes SPC in addition to other techniques, such as sampling plans, experimental design, variation reduction, process capability analysis, and process improvement plans. ¨(reliability.sandia.gov, Statistical Process Control) We have and average of 50 pound from older shipment, this is the correct weight that the bags should have so, X=50, also we have a standard deviation of 1.2 which is also the desired level, so o=1.2, for the determination of the bags we need to resolve this formula [pic] 0.489 and a 99.73% confidence interval Z = 3: UCL= x+ 3ÏÆ'x=50+3 x 0.4899=51.4697 LCL= x – 3ÏÆ'x=50-3 x 0.4899=48.5303 The Percentage of Bags with Average Weight within Control Limits (Per Shift) Day Shift = 23 bags/24 bags = 96% Afternoon/Evening Shift = 12 bags/24 bags = 50% Night Shift = 12 bags/ 24 bags = 50% 2. What procedures would you recommend to maintain proper quality control? I recommend making a constant control, trying to make the double checked of the bag weight, also is important for the company to create a mean and range charts guide, that will help the employees to make the control of the bags, this also will help bag packers to make and extra control to the bags, avoiding any errors in weight. Is important to buy scales in the production area and in the bag packers area, the scale will be accompanied by the mean and wage charts, reducing the errors of weight. Also use camera in the areas and training process fro new employees about the doze and the mean and wage of every bag. Reference reliability.sandia.gov, Statistical Process Control, retrieved 12 August 2010, from http://reliability.sandia.gov/Manuf_Statistics/Statistical_Process_Control/statistical_process_control.html

The Royal Wedding

â€Å"It's a great moment for Britain, a moment when everyone is celebrating and it's being watched round the world where people will see lots of things they love about Britain† David Cameron said. Catherine Middleton went into Westminster Abbey at 11am and came out an hour later, holding the hand of the second in line to the throne as her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cambridge. At the moment of their wedding, the Queen gave a title to Prince William as Prince William of Wales. The couple couldn’t stop smiling at each other. Later, appearing on the balcony at Buckingham Palace to give each other the required kiss to please the watching crowd and the 2 billion watchers at home (Photo in top). There was another surprise as the William and Catherine appeared later in his dad Charles 40 year old Aston Martin. It was a grey but bright day in central London. No sign during the morning of the showers that had threatened to break the month's good weather there was an estimate that up to a million people had congregated, half of them in the Mall. In the only slight sign of trouble, a small group of protesters had gathered in Soho Square but were caught up without getting near. Overnight several protesters had camped outside the Abbey and along the edge of St James Park. From early morning thousands came in with parents carrying picnic bags and backpacks and children with flags and painted faces and even party costumes. Families had all come together and many elders and young people had arrived they were many tourists.

Bill Gates and DOS Operating System

Bill Gates has proven himself to be the wealthiest man alive. He initiated the monster computer software business called Microsoft and has produced the most widely used computer software programs to date. Bill Gates is a transgressive person meaning he has both helped society progressively and regressively. Bill Gates has progressively helped our society by introducing the basic operating system DOS in 1983. This basic operating system consisted of a single prompt, which allowed the user to complete tasks by typing in the right command line. When the press asked Gates what it took to create the Dos operating system, he replied, â€Å"Well, to create a new standard, it takes something that†s not just a little bit different. It takes something that†s really new and really captures people†s imagination.† (Microsoft Conference on Dos, 1984) When people saw the operating system, they were awestruck. Over ten million copies of Dos where sold during the first two years of sales. Society benefited from this operating system. By using it to run programs easily and efficiently, the Dos network allowed a whole new frontier of micro-management for businesses. Transactions could be saved to hard drives and easily located for later use. The average home computer user would have to take computer courses to learn the basic operations of the interfaces, which were available at the time. Dos offers a short instruction manual and also a set of easily understood operations. After Microsoft had gained control of the market with the Dos operating system, Bill Gates and his company Microsoft started on a new program that again would change the market. This alteration would not be in the home computer region, but the programming industry. The program was called the OS/2. â€Å"I believe Os/2 is destined to be the most important operating system, and possibly program, of all time. As the successor to Dos, which has over 10,000,000 system in use, it creates opportunities for everyone involved in Pc†s.† (Bill Gates, Os/2 Programmer†s guide). The program was a simple interface which made creating programs efficient and easy. Low-level programmers could write unthinkable programs in a fraction of the time it would take a team of programmers to complete programs. With this technology, programs that would help our society where brought to our reach faster. After setting up these two major projects, Bill Gates and Microsoft released windows 1.0. This version of Microsoft†s operating system was the first of many steps in the evolution of Microsoft being the monopoly it is today. The windows operating system allowed non-computer lingual people to manipulate a computer with ease. The progressive program allowed families to use their home computers to educate and entertain themselves. The major flaw with the windows operating system was that Bill gates and Microsoft produced windows with the basic drop-down menu. Macintosh had already copyrighted this, later; they brought Microsoft to court over the matter and won their settlement. With Microsoft windows being run on most PC†s, Bill Gates and Microsoft began work for upgrades. Through the evolution of technology, Microsoft has made four new version of the windows operating system, each one bettering the last. The interface has gotten more and more user-friendly. With the most recent version, windows 2000, you can actually learn all of the operations through the program†s tutorial. This self-education application allows easy understanding and use for the users. The Internet has attracted many people to buy a computer and with the windows operating system, users will have no problem adapting to the computer environment. One of the more recent programs that Microsoft has initiated is the Internet explorer. This program has progressively helped many businesses start web pages and has also allowed families get connected to the Internet. While the Internet explorer does help our society progressively, at the same time, it regressively helped the workers of Netscape Navigator. Microsoft included the Internet explorer free with every windows operating system package, starting from Windows 95 and up. Microsoft single handedly took control of the Internet browsing business. This made Netscape, the makers of Netscape navigator; make cutbacks in regards to their employees. Netscape brought Microsoft to court and won. Although the courts decision was guilty, it has not affected direct sales of their product. Bill Gates has also affected our society in regressive or negative ways. Over the course of Bill Gate†s working career with Microsoft, he has accumulated a wealth of $119.704 billion dollars. The U.S, population is only 274,231,556 as of Thursday, February 10, 2000. This means that each person has contributed $436.507 dollars toward his wealth, whether or not they are buying Microsoft products or not. While many people do not even own a computer, they have contributed to Microsoft through taxes and other means of financial Microsoft in itself is a regressive business when looked at through the eyes of a computer software business. Bill Gates almost ruined Macintosh Computer, but decided that it would be better to own them, rather then end the business. He now has turned them into an even larger corporation then before. † The next generation of interesting software will be made on a Macintosh, not on an IBM PC.† (Bill Gates, 1996) Bill Gates meant that he believes that the Macintosh will be the computer for tomorrow, not an IBM PC. By owning a large chunk of the Computer software industry, Microsoft has become a national monopoly. Most small time businesses cannot offer competition to a corporation such as Microsoft. Finally, Bill Gates has had a transgressive hold on society ever since the Microsoft Corporation began. He has helped our society by making the operating systems made by Microsoft and the other programs offered, available to us. Through the operating systems: stocks have risen, people are becoming open to the world through the Internet, and important medical research can be accomplished as well as hundreds of other useful task.

Learning Through Observation

She was talking about a customer she had to deal with in the office and the husband started talking about a official, yet interesting case he was working on. He was talking about running tests, so I'm guessing he works some sort of Job in a hospital like setting or maybe a lab. After they talked about their work for a minute she started to talk about the baby they were expecting and how excited they were. She seemed nervous and wanted everything to be planned out and in order for when the baby came.He reassured her that she had been doing a great Job and he did not want her to work too hard or stress out. He even offered to take on more responsibilities around the house because he did not want her on her feet too much. The woman had a smile on her face. The couple seemed to have a very healthy relationship. What the husband was saying to his wife was very helpful. He wanted to relieve any stress that she had and reassured her that she is not alone going through these amazing life cha nges and that he was there for her.This observation was a good example of our two basic needs, affiliation and achievement. They are affectionate towards one another and the wife even congratulated him on his milestones at work. This was also a good example of how each person demonstrated generality. The husband is doing great tit work and the woman is expecting a baby. If the couple was not so supportive the relationship dynamic could be completely different.There could be a lot more stress on both of them and less intimacy, therefore more Isolation according to Erosion's Intimacy verse Isolation and the human need for Intimacy. This couple also fit the standards of our society's social clock. The couple seemed financially stable, they were married, in their early thirties and expecting what is probably their first child. These are the appropriate endeavors one might expect from someone in their hearties in America. It was a Saturday evening around 7 o'clock July 20, 2013.I went to Kingfisher the restaurant with my boyfriend. We ended up sitting next to a couple who looked to be in their thirties. The couple looked to me to be a happy one. They were married; you stress out. He even offered to take on more responsibilities around the house stress on both of them and less intimacy, therefore more isolation according to Erosion's intimacy verse isolation and the human need for intimacy. This couple also fit the standards of our society social clock. The couple seemed financially stable,

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Globalisation - Essay Example Lee & Tai (2006) too agree that liberal trade policies, incentives, growing foreign direct investment (FDI), advancement in information technology and communication have all stimulated the process of globalization. The major drivers of globalization according to Singer (2004) include social-demographic (regional, cultural), technological, which includes telecommunications, internet and transportation, economic factors like foreign direct investment, profit motives and market share, ecological and environmental factors like pollution and green laws, and political-legal factors like falling trade barriers, political stability and intellectual property. There is a connection between poverty and globalization and it is generally believed that without globalization inequality would have increased. Free trade would make the world prosperous and assist the poorer nations in coming up. Technological upgradation takes place in developing nations but evidence also suggests that technological change increases inequality between highly skilled workers and the unskilled workers (Singer). Trade and politics should be independent of each other. Globalization means differently to different people. While it provides opportunities to many people, it has also caused impoverishment to many groups and societies. Globalization has led to rapid and sudden changes in information and communications, which too has advantages and pitfalls. There are conflicting stands on this issue. Globalization is the concept of moving towards single-world society. In this effort there has been rising share of economic activity in the world. The aim was to open the world market to everybody and was thought to be a solution to social and economic disorder prevailing in the world. Globalization has brought about competition, liberalization, deregulation, and privatization and opened up capital markets but at the same time it has undermined the economic prospects for millions around

Addictions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Addictions - Essay Example Addiction does not just solely affect the user; it has a cascade effect and touches every other person in their lives, parents, siblings, spouses, and, most disturbingly, their children. Children and the families of addicts suffer greatly; addiction, in fact, is a common cause the crumbling of any family unit, with side effects and consequences that are long lasting. Addiction is defined, in simplest terms, as the need, desire, or physical imperative to attain and ingest a particular substance; this substance becomes the primary concern, focus, and necessity, obsessively, above and beyond all other important elements within their lives (American Society of Addiction Medicine). It is fair to include that in today’s modern society, addiction has been extended not only to substances but also to activities, for example, compulsive shoppers and gamblers. Alcohol and drugs affect many people in many ways; it can lead to child maltreatment, neglect, and abuse. First and foremost, children who are born to parents who are addicted to drugs are more likely to suffer from physical issues, internal malformations, and developmental and learning disabilities that can impact the quality of the life they will live (Office on Child Abuse and Neglect 1). However, even those children whose parents and guardians are not addicts until later in the childâ€⠄¢s life still face a huge number behavioral, psychological, social, and emotional issues that could plague them as child and well into their adult lives. Addiction can take a functional, loving, committed, and stable family into a completely dysfunctional, disorganized, neglectful, abusive, and corrupted family unit. Addiction changes the priorities of the addict. The drug becomes the paramount and primary goal of every endeavor (Office on Child Abuse and Neglect 1). The finding, possessing, and engaging in the substance or act become the beginning, middle, and end of the story. In most

The Changes in Business Strategies for the Royal Furniture Term Paper - 1

The Changes in Business Strategies for the Royal Furniture - Term Paper Example In order to cope with these challenges, Royal Furniture has to bring a positive change in the company’s overall structure through the integration of change management, organizational behavior, and corporate strategies. This is important to sustain long-term modifications because critics argue that change management comes along with unavoidable risks and failures (Burnes, 2009). Hence Royal Furniture would have to critically evaluate its past and present performance prior to making future strategies. The Royal Furniture is operating in the international furniture industry for more than four decades. However, the company is currently facing immense challenges in terms of business policies, structure, and people. For instance, competition is drastically increasing because competitors are implementing new management and marketing strategies. Moreover, the business environment all over the world is now dominated by customized products and services. This has persuaded many organizations to change their traditional business structure and policies. Globalization has greatly facilitated business expansion while unveiling new markets and business opportunities, but it has also boosted the competition in the international consumer market subsequently leading to the change in business environment (Gottschalk, 2007). The consumer mindset is transforming as per the latest trends prevailing in the society which has been facilitated by intense communication networks. Social networking and internet marketing has proved fairly beneficial to the progress and development of different organizations.  

International Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example One is that emerging countries might not have the same technology as advanced countries, and need to copy advanced companies to innovate. This is an issue that is addressed below. However, the bulk of this article will deal with copyrights, especially with regards to British Law regarding the same. Intellectual property rights have become one of the buzzwords surrounding globalization. Globalization may be defined as â€Å"an extent of internationalisation at a level where boundaries are blurred or appear close, where networks and solidarities are communicating, [and] where interdependencies are increasing.†1 On a technological basis, modern globalization is dependent upon the structures for communication, transportation, computation and enforcement interlocking.2 Globalization has reached many sectors, including intellectual property, financial services, money capital, goods and financial instruments.3 There are obvious positive aspects of globalization, and negative ones as well, as globalization leads to clashes, prejudices, tension and cultural misunderstandings such as those seen on 9/11, and the Bali, Madrid and London bombings.4 Intellectual property is one of the core businesses in the World Trade Organisation (WTO), in which one of the WTOs founding element with regards to intellectual property is the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.5 The TRIPS Agreement, in a nutshell, establishes a global harmonisation of protection for Intellectual Property and enforcement, as well as created international standards regarding patent, copyright, trademark and design protections.6 The existing regimes of the United States, Europe and Japan with regards to intellectual property were largely the same, so their laws did not need as much harmonising. However, there were some areas that were a problem, as far as different countries having different rules, and they were â€Å"first to invent systems, scope of

Cognitive Neuropsychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cognitive Neuropsychology - Essay Example It is a known fact that each part of the brain is specialized to help the individual. In other words, the brain or central nervous system triggers various neural mechanisms that tie in with cognitive processes. This is evident, given that most of the abilities that individuals acquire and develop overtime are all contingent upon the normal functioning of the brain. For instance semantic and syntactic development and ability to memorize are dependent upon how well the brain develops. (Wilshire, 2009) Despite the fact that cognitive neuropsychologists only focus on the damage inflicted upon the brain and it may appear that branch is largely related to the brain in actuality cognitive neuropsychology is about the â€Å"Mind†. Cognitive neuropsychology has also been further elaborated by the concept of modularity, according to which the entire process and dynamics of this branch of psychology can be broken down and represented in the form of smaller sub-processes. (Wilshire, 2009) This aspect of the subject was established by Fodor in 1983, but was further developed by David Marr, who considered this so important that they actually elevated this approach into a principle. Hence, this came to be known as the â€Å"Principle of Modular design†. The concept of modularity is typically applied in the field of engineering and computer programming; its application to cognitive sciences is a bit complex but an effective way to represent the process nevertheless. (Rapp, 2001, p. 52) Fodor clearly dictated the method in his book called ‘Modularity of the mind’, in which he clearly demonstrated the relationship between the entire cognitive systems and its various properties. In his... This paper stresses that the basic findings pertaining to cognitive neuropsychology emerged in the 1960’s when a strong correlation was found between the structural impairment of the brain and the psychological functioning of the client. Therefore, if there is any structural irregularity in the brain then it will have major repercussion on various areas of functioning of the individual. The brain acts as the central executive system of the body that is responsible for controlling and coordinating the body. This report makes a conclusion that the absence of tangible evidence that can be used to support the module of these cognitive processes is yet another concern raised in this approach. However, in order to elucidate the process the modular approach has been very effective. Even though the modular approach can be used as plausible explanations for the cognitive processes but, neuropsychologists have conducted extensive researches in order to an alternative explanation to further understand cognitive neuropsychology. The alternative explanation of the processes was expanded using the example of neural damages. The hypothesis was based on the premise that if an individual suffered a neural damage to any part of the head that he or she would suffer significant amount of impairment to the adjacent areas of functioning. Dissociation in general, is a state that is a protective mechanism adopted by the psyche to protect the body from physical and psychological stresses.

Managing across culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing across culture - Essay Example The aspect of culture can also be used towards supervising locally recruited employees. Samovar, Porter & McDaniel (2009) posit to the effect that understanding the mode of communication within a business culture is an asset for proper and peaceful interaction of business people and the locals. In order to excel in business, it is important to have the right cultural facts about the citizens living in a particular society. This helps business to design its strategies so that they are able to absorb the cultural shocks that may emerge in the course of their activities. Cultural shock is a concept which entails that â€Å"any move from one country to another will create a certain amount of confusion, disorientation and emotional upheaval and this is called culture shock,† (Robbins, 1993, p. 78). ... This reflective report will try to provide detailed information regarding hierarchy, gender roles, communication and relationship, greetings, and social interactions in US which can affect a business venture I intend to set in this country. A conclusion based on the findings of secondary research will be given at the end of the report. Business Culture of United States United States is the third largest country in the world and it is one of the best performing economies across the whole world. It borders with Canada, Mexico, pacific, Atlantic oceans, and Caribbean Sea and its population in the year 2007 was estimated to be 301,139,947 (Moran, Harris & Moran, 2010). There are many ethnic groups in the US and it is believed that the whites occupy the largest percentage of about 81.7% while other groups such as black occupy 12.9%, Amerindian and Alaska 1%, Asian 4.2%, and Hawaii and Pacific Islander 0.2% (Moran, Harris & Moran, 2010). Research has shown that United States has a wide ran ge of cultures hence most people who stay in America have their ancestral connections that belong to another culture. In most cases, their ancestral cultures are in Scotland, Germany and Ireland. A comprehensive analysis of cultural diversity has been done by Geert Hofstede who found that national culture has a major impact on employees’ work related values and attitudes (Robbins, 1993). He found that managers and employees vary on five dimensions of national culture namely individualism versus collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, quantity versus quality of life as well as long term orientation. According to studies, rich countries like the US are very

Terrorism and the News Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Terrorism and the News Media - Essay Example The UK government, considering the enormity of the previous terror attacks and potential threats has developed extensive plans and framed regulations to fight terror. The claims made by the news media and the politicians that the world is becoming more and more unsafe due to terrorist activities cannot be refuted. With a spate of terrorist activities since the last ten years, with the American tragedy of the twin towers, the gruesome subway bombing in London and the recent Mumbai massacre being some of the ugliest terror strikes, common people can hardly think otherwise. The sophistication of the 21st century terrorism in terms of weapons, training, logistic support and strategy planning has made it a deadly game of mass destruction. It is alarming how the agents of terror spare not even children leave aside civilians. They target common innocent people to cause maximum casualty. The past records show that the terrorists aim their strike at business and entertainment hub which also indicate that killing people is not the only motive but there is a hidden agenda and that is to bring a blow to the economy and stability of the nation. It is pretty e vident that an international terror nexus is operative establishing terror modules and sleeper cells across the world and in different nations. There is huge cash flow from the underworlds which is another reason to worry. Hackers and cyber criminals have joined in and given terrorism a new and fatal dimension. With this kind of an agenda and ruthless mentality there is no stopping them from wrecking havoc worldwide unless some very strong measures are adopted and successfully implemented. It does not remain for the news media and the politicians to pronounce the threats to humankind and to the environment of peace caused by terrorism. Terrorism is no longer a distant fear but fear that accompanies one at every step of one’s daily life. The

Cress seeds investigation Essay Example for Free

Cress seeds investigation Essay Test tube 6: Number germinated: 0/10 Height of seedlings: 0 I then took the averages of the height of the seedlings in each test tube. Average height in test tube 1: 49. 9mm Average height in test tube 2: 45. 25mm Average height in test tube 3: 9. 9mm Average height in test tube 4: 11. 5mm Average height in test tube 5: 5. 8mm Average height in test tube 6: 0mm This is a graph to show the average height of the seedlings in each test tube: OBSERVATIONS: Test tube number 1 contained the cress seedlings that had grown the best. This was the control test tube, and had no acid in it. The cress in this test tube was a healthy green colour, and was almost perfectly straight. The cress seedlings were the worst in test tube number 5. This tube contained 4 drops of acid, and the cress in it had hardly grown at all. It was a pale, sickly green colour, and very short. The leaves drooped down, and the roots were very short. Although test tube number 6 contained the most acid, the seedlings in this did not grow at all. I also took results from another group, who had conducted the same investigation as me. Their results are as follows: Test tube 1: Number germinated: 9/13. Height of seedlings: 1 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 3 ; 10 ; 22 ; 34 ; 34 Test tube 2: Number germinated: 10/13 Height of seedlings: 4 ; 5 ; 8 ; 14 ; 15 ; 15 ; 22 ; 24 ; 25 ; 33 Test tube 3: Number germinated: 12/13 Height of seedlings: 1 ; 4 ; 4 ; 5 ; 9 ; 10 ; 12 ; 12 ; 14 ; 14 ; 16 ; 16 Test tube 4: Number germinated: 0/13 Height of seedlings: 0 Test tube 5: Number germinated: 0/13 Height of seedlings: 0 Test tube 6: Number germinated: 8/13 Height of seedlings: 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 3 ; 4 ; 4 ; 5 ; 5 Average height in test tube 1: 12. 2mm Average height in test tube 2: 16. 5mm Average height in test tube 3: 9. 8mm Average height in test tube 4: 0mm Average height in test tube 5: 0mm Average height in test tube 6: 3. 4mm This graph shows the average height of the seedlings in each test tube belonging to the other group: This graph shows the average height of both the other groups seedlings and mine. ANALYSIS: From my results I can tell that the more sulphuric acid the cress was grown in, the less the seedlings grew. For example, in my investigation, the cress in the control test tube grew to an average of 49. 9mm, whereas in the test tube with 5 drops of acid, the cress did not grow at all. In both mine and the other groups results, the average height of the seedlings went up slightly in one test tube the other groups by 6. 7mm in test tube 3, and mine by 1. mm in test tube 4. CONCLUSION: From this investigation I have drawn the conclusion that acid rain does indeed affect plant growth. My seedlings grew best in the control test tube, and the worst in the tube that contained the most acid. In the control test tube, the seedlings had long roots, whereas in the test tube with 5 drops of acid, the roots were weak and very short. This shows that the acid had affected the way the cress seeds had germinated, and had eaten away at the roots of the seedlings. My results support the original prediction that I made. I said that the cress would grow best in the control test tube, and as the results show, it did. I also said that the test tube containing the most acid would produce the worst seedlings, which was also correct. EVALUATING EVIDENCE: My results were not completely accurate. Although the basic trend showed that the more acid the seedlings were put in, the less they grew, my average heights went up slightly when, theoretically, they should have gone down. For example, they went up from 9. 9mm to 11. 5mm, and then down again to 5. 4mm. Therefore, the graph that I drew does not have a completely accurate curve. This is also true for the other set of results that I gathered. I could improve the accuracy of this investigation by doing several things differently. I could use more test tubes, giving me a wider range of results, and I could also use a smaller amount of acid per test tube for example, I could increase the acid by . 5 of a drop per tube. This would give me more accurate results. Because my results were slightly anomalous, they are not sufficient enough to support a firm conclusion. Because the results did not follow a set pattern, they are not entirely reliable. To improve on this, and make my results more accurate, I could be very meticulous when measuring out the acid, and also make sure that I treat all the test tubes equally. I feel that this investigation went quite well although my results could have been slightly more accurate.

Black Bourgeoisie Essay Example for Free

Black Bourgeoisie Essay E. Franklin Frazier’s Black Bourgeoisie was more prophetic than many realized. Frazier, who addressed the burgeoning black middle class, expressed concern about the intra-class conflict vis-a-vis socioeconomic status of black folks. Frazier notes that the black middle class was in a rush by the 1960s to assimilate. During the Harlem Renaissance, even W. E. B. Du Bois â€Å"strategically included white judges on panels for their black literary competitions, in hopes that white approval would add luster to black achievements. † This shift that occurred was not a mass or universal one. The black middle class was still small and would not be catapulted until after the advent of Affirmative Action. According to the perspective of E. Franklin Frazier, the â€Å"Black Bourgeoisie† played an important role among American Negros for decades. Frazier’s study led him to the significant of â€Å"Negro Business† and its impact on the black middle class. Education was a major social factor responsible for emergence of the Black bourgeoisie. By fact, the net total number of the free Negroes in the first generation topped out at 37,245 with an estimated accumulation of 50,000,000 in real and personal wealth before the civil war. Free Negroes in southern cities undertook businesses in skilled labor such as carpenters, tailors, shoemakers, wheelwrights, bricklayers, butchers, and painters. The failure of the Freedmen’s Bank contributed to the slow development of the black middle class when Blacks put all their money into the Black banks and when they went under only forty percent of deposits were returned. Occupational differentiation is the change in work field for the Black class. A small professional group making up three percent of all workers had gradually become differentiated from the majority of Blacks. Occupational differentiation had proceeded slowly because Blacks were accustomed to the agriculture field and not only until the migrations to the North were had had they introduced to the industrial centers. In addition the Depression played a role in slowing up the process. Black-owned businesses are primarily service establishments simply because of the refusal on the part of white establishments to provide personal services for Negroes. The debate over true liberalism among blacks still exists. I have found the upper black middle class to be far more conservative and less active towards civil rights and social policy of late. I am concerned that the black bourgeoisie is willing to shift its focus away from the liberalism that put them in their position for racial acceptance. I believe integration is vital to a liberal society as noted by my neighborhood, friends, and place of employment; however, I do not think the black middle class should play the conservative card that carries with it values, attitudes, and behaviors that do not represent progress for all minority groups. Sure 90% of blacks vote in a solid block for the Democratic Party, but that block is not as tight as it used to be.